TOPIC 6: WORLD POPULATION
A. VOCABULARY:
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1.
A.D. (Anno Domini) ['ænou'dɔminai] (n) SCN
2. B.C. (Before Christ) [bi'fɔ: kraist] (n) TCN
3.
be aware of [ə'weə] ý thức
4. birth-control method ['bə:θkən'troul 'meθəd] (n) phương pháp hạn chế sinh đẻ
5.
carry out ['kæri'aut] (v) tiến hành
6. claim [kleim] (n,v) (sự) đòi hỏi
7. cranky ['kræηki] (a) hay gắt gỏng, quạu
8.
creature ['kri:t∫ə] (n) sinh vật
9.
death rate ['deθreit] (n) tỉ lệ tử vong
10.
developing country [di'veləpiη 'kʌntri] (n) nước đang phát triển
11. exercise ['eksəsaiz] (v) sử
dụng
12. expert ['ekspə:t] (n) chuyên gia
13. explosion [iks'plouʒn] (n) sự bùng nổ
14. family planning ['fæmili'plæniη] (n) kế hoạch hóa
gia đình
15. fresh water ['fre∫,wɔ:tə] (n) nước ngọt
16. generation [,dʒenə'rei∫n] (n) thế hệ
17. glean [gli:n] (v) mót, nhặt (lúa)
18. growth [grouθ] (n) tăng trưởng
19 implement ['implimənt] (v) thực hiện
20. improvement [im'pru:vmənt] (n) cải thiện
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21. injury ['indʒəri] (n) chấn thương
22. insurance [in'∫uərəns] (n) sự bảo hiểm
23. journalism ['dʒə:nəlizm](n) nghề báo chí
24. lack [læk] (n) sự thiếu hụt
25. limit ['limit] (n) giới hạn
26. living condition ['liviη kən'di∫n] (n) điều kện
sống
27. living standard ['liviη'stændəd] (n) mức sống
28. overpopulated [,ouvə'pɔpjuleitid] (a) quá đông dân
29. petroleum [pə'trouliəm] (n) dầu mỏ, dầu hỏa
30. policy ['pɔləsi] (n) chính sách
31. population [,pɔpju'lei∫n] (n) dân số
32. punishment ['pʌni∫mənt](n) phạt
33. quarrel ['kwɔrəl](n,v) (sự) cãi nhau
34. rank [ræηk] (v) xếp hạng
35. resource [ri'sɔ:s ] (n) tài nguyên
36. salt water ['sɔ:lt,wɔ:tə] (n) nước mặn
37. solution [sə'lu:∫n] (n) giải pháp
38. the Third World ['θə:d'wə:ld](n) thế giới thứ ba
(những nước nghèo hoặc đang phát triển ở châu Phi, châu Á, châu Mỹ la tinh)
39. United Nations [ju:'naitid'nei∫nz] (n) LHQ
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B. GRAMMAR: CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES
1.
Conditional sentences type 1 (real condition) – Câu điều kiện có thực: Kết
quả có thể được thực hiện ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai khi điều kiện ứng nghiệm
(xảy ra).
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If
- S – V(simple
present),
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S
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will
can
may
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V
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e.g. If I have the money, I will buy a new
car.
2. Conditional sentences type 2 (unreal present
condition) – Câu điều kiện không có thực ở hiện tại: Kết quả
không thể được thực hiện ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai bởi điều kiện chỉ là giả
định.
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If
- S
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V(simple past)
were
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S
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would
might
should
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V
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e.g. If I had enough money now, I would buy
this house. (but now I don’t have enough money)
Note. Động từ to be được chia là were với mọi chủ ngữ.
e.g. If I were you, I wouldn’t do such a
thing. (but I’m not you)
3.
Conditional sentences type 3 (unreal past condition) – Câu điều kiện không có
thực ở quá khứ: Kết quả không thể được thực hiện trong quá khứ bởi điều kiện
chỉ là giả định.
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If
- S – had - past participles, S
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would
could
might
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-
have - past participles
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e.g. If we hadn’t lost the way we could
have been here in time. (in fact we lost the way)
II.
More conditional sentence forms: Một số loại câu điều kiện đặc biệt
1. For a habit: Mẫu câu dùng để chỉ một
thói quen của một chủ thể nào đó ta thực hiện theo mẫu:
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If
- S – V(simple
present) - S – V(simple present)
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e.g. John usually walks
to school if he has enough time.
2. For a command:
Mẫu câu dùng để chỉ một mệnh lệnh, sai khiến hay nhờ vả ta thực hiện theo:
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If
– S – V(simple
present), command form*
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e.g. If you go to the Post
Office, please mail this letter for me.
3.
For a suggestion:
Với lời đề nghị, khuyên răn.
e.g.
If she comes, you should call me. (I
suggest calling me when she comes)
4.
For a present subjunctive cases but past unfulfilled result. Với giả định hiện tại
mà kết quả không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ. Điều giả định này luôn đúng ở hiện tại.
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If - S
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V(simple past)
were
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S
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would
could
might
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-
have - past participles
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e.g.
If I were you, I would have agreed
with him yesterday.
5. For a past subjunctive cases but
present unfulfilled result. Giả định quá khứ mà kết quả không thể xảy ra ở hiện tai. Giả
định này được coi là quá khứ của quá khứ, nhưng kết quả là phi lý.
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If
S – had past participle, S
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would
could
might
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V
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e.g.
If I had been there last time, I
would agree to lend him the money.
6. For other purposes: Với các mục đích nói
khác nhau ta có các loại câu điều kiện khác như sau;
a.
Inversion of “had”:
Đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện loại 2
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Were
- S – (to infinitive), S would - V
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e.g. Were I ill, I would not be here now.
b.
Inversion of “had”:
Đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện loại 3
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Had
- S - past participles, S would have - past participles
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e.g. Had we known you were there, we would
have written you a letter.
c.
Special uses of “if” clauses in requests– Mệnh đề “If” như đề nghị được điễn giải:
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If
you will/would, S will - V
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e.g. If
you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr. John is here.
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If
you could - V. hãy vui lòng …. → chấp
nhận như tất yếu
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e.g. If you could fill in this form. Hãy vui lòng điền vào mẫu này
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If
- S - will/ would,
S - V nếu chịu (tuân lệnh,
nghe lời)
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eg.
If he will (would) listen to me, I
can help him.
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If
- S - will, S –
V diễn tả sự ngoan cố
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e.g.
If you will learn English this way,
a failure for TOEFL test is sure awaiting you.
Nếu
cậu cứ học tiếng Anh theo kiểu này, thì chắc chắn cậu sẽ trượt TOEFL.
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If
- S - should, command khả năng xảy ra rất ít, không tin tưởng vào
kết quả
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e.g. If you shouldn’t know how to use this TV
set, please call me up this number.
Note:
Đảo ngữ như sau:
e.g. Should you have any
difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me.
d.
Special conditions:
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even
if - nagative verb (cho dù)
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e.g. You must go tomorrow even if you
aren’t ready.
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Whether
or not - positive verb (dù có … hay không)
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e.g. He likes watching TV whether or not
the show is good.
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unless
+ positive verb = if ... not (trừ khi = nếu không)
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e.g. If you don’t start at once, you will be late. → You will be late unless
you start at once.
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But
for that - unreal condition (nếu không.... thì)
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e.g. Her father pays her fees, but for
that she wouldn’t be here ( but she is here)
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otherwise
- conditional sentence = nếu không thì ....
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e.g. We must be back before midnight, otherwise
I will be locked out.
Note. or... else được dùng thay cho otherwise.
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Provided/
providing (that) (Miễn là/ với điều kiện là )
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e.g. You can camp here provided (that) you
leave no mess.
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Suppose/
supposing? = what ... if ...? (giả sử như/ nếu như)
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e.g Suppose the plane is late? = what
will happen if the plane is late?
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What
if I’m- thách
thức cự tuyệt
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e.g. What if I am the first to leave.
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If
only – S – V(simple present), S will V
= hope that S will V hi vọng là
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e.g. If only he comes in time (hi vọng là cậu
ấy đúng giờ)
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If
only – S – V(simple past/ past perfect) = wish that giả định: giá mà
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e.g. If only he didn’t smoke. (but he
doesn’t)
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if
only - S would V = ước
sao, mong sao
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e.g. If only he would drive more
slowly (but he drive so fast)
C.
PRACTICE TEST
I. Choose the word
that has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.
1. A. limit B. figure C.
iron D. billion
2. A. great B. available C.
raise D. said
3. A. decreased B. used
C.
reached D. developed
4. A. program B. earth
C. birth D. produce
5.
A.
double B. govern C. punish D.
control
II. Choose the one
word or phrase - A, B, C, or D - that
best completes
sentences.
6. Like many other baby
birds, ducklings are blind _______ birth.
A.
of B. at C. on D. from
7. Lack _______ food had
stunted his growth.
A.
of B. in C. for D. on
8. Nigeria has a population
_______ nearly 100 million.
A.
about B. in C. of D. with
9. The rapid growth of population
led to an acute _______ of housing.
A.
shortfall B.
shortcut C.
shortcoming D. shortage
10. The population of the
world is growing at a dangerous _______.
A.
amount B. rate C. figure D. way
11. One third of the world's
population _______ two thirds of the world's resources.
A.
drains B.
absorbs C.
consumes D. supports
12. Better health care and
agriculture have led to rapid population _______.
A.
grow B.
growing C.
grown D.
growth
13. Pressure on natural
resources will _______ as we face a population explosion.
A.
increase B. decrease
C. decline D. raise
14. Her first novel has been
_______ acclaimed as a masterpiece.
A.
nation B.
national C.
international D. internationally
15. Our school has managed
to collect a lot of books to _______ to the children in a village school.
A.
publish B.
distribute C.
employ D. depart
III. Choose the one
word or phrase - A, B, C, or D - that best completes the sentences.
16. If the technology
_______ available, we would be able to expand the business.
A.
would become B.
were become C. had become D. Became
17. If the North Sea _______
in winter, you could walk from London to Oslo.
A.
happened to freeze B. froze C. should freeze D. should happen to freeze
18. It would have been a
much more serious accident _____ fast at the time.
A.
was she driving B. had she been
driving C. she had driven D. if she
drove
19. If you _______ to my
advice in the first place, you wouldn't be in this mess now.
A.
listen B. will
listen C. had listened D. listened
20. I'll give you a lift if
it _______.
A.
is raining B. rained C. will rain
D. had rained
21. If I _______ a more
reliable car, I_________ to Spain rather than fly.
A.
would have - would drive B. had - had
driven
C.
had - would drive D.
would have had - would drive
22. I _______ you sooner had
someone told me you were in the hospital.
A.
would have visited B. had visited C. visited D. visit
23. They couldn't decide
_______ it was worth re-sitting the exam.
A.
if B.
whether C. if or not D. whether not
24. _______ how difficult
the job was, I mightn't have taken it.
A.
If I know B. If I would know
C. Did I know D.
Had I known
25. _______ in my seventies
and rather unfit, I might consider taking up squash.
A.
Were I not B. Was I not C. Weren't I D.
If I am not
IV. Identify the one underlined word or phrase -A, B, C or D-that must be corrected.
26. Some scientists believe
that the earth have resources enough to support its
population.
A.
believe that B. resources enough C.
to support D. its
27. The population of
the world has been increased faster and faster.
A.
of B. has been
C.
increased D. faster and faster
28. Ninety-seven percent
of the world' water is saltwater is found in the oceans of
the Earth.
A.
percent B. world' C.
is found D. the oceans
29. Hadn't he resigned, we
would have been forced to sack him.
A.
Hadn't he B.
resigned C. been forced D.
to sack
30. John lived in New
York since 1960 to 1975, but he is now living in Detroit.
A.
in B.
since C. is now living D.
in
V. Fill in each blank
space with one appropriate word from the box.
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mortality expanding growth increasing reach decline
population even slightly life variations available
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WORLD
POPULATION
Projections
issued in 2000 showed the world population (31)___________ from 6.1 billion in
2000, to 7.9 billion in 2050. "High" and "low" projections
for 2025 are 8.4 billion and 7.5 billion respectively. The average world birth
rate is projected to (32)___________ from the 1990 level of 26 per 1,000 to 22
per 1,000 at the .end of the century and to 17.6 per 1,000 in 2025
(corresponding to a fall in TFH from 3.3 in 1990 to 2.1 in 2025). Because of
the (33)___________ share of the population at high-mortality ages, the average
world death Tate is expected to decline only (34)___________ ; from 9 (per
1,000) in 1990 to 8.4 in 2025. Average world (35)___________ expectancy, however,
is projected to rise from 65 years in 1990 to 71.3 years in 2025. Wide (36)___________
in population growth will undoubtedly persist. In the developed world,
population growth will continue to be very low and in some nations will (37)___________
decline. Western Europe as a whole is projected to have a declining population
after 2000. U.S. Census Bureau projections, assuming middle fertility and (38)___________
levels, show U.S. (39)___________ increasing from 250 million in' 1990 to 349
million in 2025 and 420 million in 2050. Thereafter, (40)___________ would be
virtually zero.
VI. Read the passage,
then choose the correct answers.
No
one knows the limits of population that the earth can support. Thomas Malthus,
an English economist, developed a theory that became widely accepted in the
nineteenth century. He suggested that because world population tended to
increase more rapidly than the food supply, a continual strain was exerted upon
available resources. Malthus cited wars, famines, epidemics, and other diseases
as the usual limitations of population growth.
With
recent advances in science and technology, including improved agricultural
methods and great strides in medicine, some of the limiting factors in
population growth have been lessened, with obvious results.
International organizations have
put forward several recommendations to alleviate the problem of overpopulation,
including an increase in food production,
general economic development in target areas, and a decrease in birth rate.
Most experts agree that it will be necessary to combine all three
recommendations in an effort to affect a lasting solution.
41. It was suggested by
Thomas Malthus that _______.
A.
food was in short supply because of population increase
B.
The rapid growth of population led to an acute shortage of natural resources
C.
Rapid population growth put a great strain on available resources
D.
Pressures on natural resources will increase as we face a population explosion
42. Which of the following
was not mentioned as the usual limitations of population growth?
A.
wars B.
epidemics C. famines D. agricultural methods
43. According to the
passage, why has overpopulation been caused?
A.
Improved technology B.
Disasters C. Scarcity D.
Precaution
44. What do most experts
recommend in order to solve problems of overpopulation?
A.
Famine and epidemic B. Economic
development and a decline in birth rate
C.
Medical advance and improved agricultural methods
D.
Conservation of available resources
45. Which of the following
is not true according to the passage?
A.
The earth have enough resources to support all of its population.
B.
The theory developed by Thomas Malthus was believed by most people in the 19th
century.
C.
Medical advance has lessened some of the limiting factors in population growth.
D.
International organizations are seeking a lasting solution to the
overpopulation problem.
VII. From the four
phrases - A, B, C or D- choose the one that best completes the sentence.
46. _______ daily promotes
physical as well as emotional well-being in people of all ages.
A.
Having exercised B.
Those who exercise C. For exercising D. Exercising
47. Not until the
seventeenth century ______ to measure the speed of light.
A.
anyone did even attempt B.
did anyone even attempt
C.
did even attempt anyone D.
even did anyone attempt
48. It is a fact that
_______ form of energy.
A.
electricity being the most useful B.
electricity the most useful
C.
the most useful in electricity D.
electricity is the most useful
49. After seeing a movie
based on a novel, _______.
A.
many people want to read the book B. the reading of the book interests
many people
C.
the book was read by many people D.
the book made many people want to read it
50. When _______ is not
known.
A.
was the wheel invented B.
the invention of the wheel
C. the wheel was invented D. it was
invented the wheel
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