TOPIC 10: SOURCES OF ENERGY

TOPIC 10: SOURCES OF ENERGY

A. VOCABULARY:

1. alternative [ɔ:l'tə:nətiv] (a) thay thế 2. available [ə'veiləbl] (a)     sẵn có 3. coal              [koul] (n) than đá 4. dam [dæm] (n) đập (ngăn nước) 5. electricity [i,lek'trisiti] (n) điện 6. energy ['enədʒi] (n) năng lượng 7. exhausted [ig'zɔ:stid] (a) cạn kiệt 8. fossil fuel ['fɔsl  fjuəl] (n) nhiên liệu hóa thạch 9. geothermal heat [,dʒi:ou'θə:məl hi:t] (n) địa nhiệt 10. infinite ['infinit] (a) vô hạn 11. make use of (exp) tận dụng 12. nuclear energy ['nju:kliə 'enədʒi] (a) năng lượng hạt nhân 13. convenient [kən'vi:njənt] (a) tiện lợi 14. enormous [i'nɔ:məs] (a) to lớn, khổng lồ 15. harmful ['hɑ:mful] (a) có hại 16. hydroelectricity [,haidrouilek'trisiti] (n) thủy điện 17. ecologist [i'kɔlədʒist] (n) nhà sinh thái học -> ecology [i'kɔlədʒi] (n) sinh thái học

18.consumption [kən'sʌmp∫n] (n) tiêu thụ 19. plentiful ['plentifl] (a) nhiều 20. pollution  [pə'lu:∫n] (n) sự ô nhiễm 21. power demand ['pauə di'mɑ:nd] (n) nhu cầu sử dụng điện 22. release [ri'li:s] (v) phóng ra 23. reserve [ri'zə:v] (n) trữ lượng 24. sailboat ['seilbout] (n) thuyền buồm 25. solar energy ['soulə 'enədʒi] (n) năng ượng mặt trời 26. solar panel ['soulə 'pænl] (n) tấm thu năng lượng mặt trời 27. wave  [weiv] (n) sóng (nước) 28. windmill ['winmil] (n) cối xay gió 29. nuclear reactor  ['nju:kliə ri:'æktə] (n) phản ứng hạt nhân 30. radiation [,reidi'ei∫n] (n) phóng xạ 31. renewable [ri'nju:əbl] (a) có thể thay thế 32. run out (v) cạn kiệt 33. petroleum [pə'trouliəm](n) dầu mỏ 34. replace [ri'pleis] (v) thay thế 35. make up (v) chiếm (số lượng)

B. GRAMMAR: REDUCED CLAUSES

        1. Dùng cụm Ving:

         Dùng cho các mệnh đề chủ động. Bỏ who, which, that và be (nếu có) lấy động từ thêm ING
The man who is standing there is my brother. (The man who is standing there is my brother.)
-> The man standing there is my brother.

         2. Dùng cụm P.P (v3/ed):

         Dùng cho các mệnh đề bị động. Bỏ who, which, that và be

 I like books which were written by NguyenDu. (I like books which were written by NguyenDu.)
-> I like books written by NguyenDu.

         3. Dùng cụm to inf. (to V)

         Dùng khi danh từ đứng trứoc có các chữ: ONLY, LAST, số thứ tự như: FIRST, SECOND... Bỏ who, which, that, chủ từ (nếu có) và modal verb như can, will... thêm to trước động từ

        This is the only student who can do the problem. (This is the only student who can do the problem.)  -> This is the only student to do the problem.
-Động từ là HAVE/HAD         I have many homework that I must do. (I have many homework that I must do.) = I have many homework to do.
- Đầu câu có HERE (BE), THERE (BE)  There are six letters which have to be written today.

                                                                        = There are six letters to be written today.

        GHI NHỚ: - Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to V.
We have some picture books that children can read.
We have some picture books for children to read.
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như we, you, everyone.... thì có thể không cần ghi ra. Eg. Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about.
                                          Studying abroad is the wonderful thing (for us) to think about.
- Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu. (đây là lỗi dễ sai nhất).
We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
We have a peg to hang our coat on.
4. Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ)
Dùng khi mệnh đề tình từ có dạng: S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ
Cách làm: - Bỏ who, which và be
Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
=>Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
=>Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
Do you like the book which is on the table? =>Do you like the book on the table?

C. PRACTICE TEST

I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others.

1.      A. exhaust                        B. source                                C. enormous              D. cause

2.      A. sun                                B. solar                                   C. safe                                     D. sure

3.      A. heat                              B. great                                   C. release                   D. reach

4.      A. geothermal                  B. power                                 C. solar                       D. hydro

5.      A. polluted                        B. consume                            C. nuclear                   D. fuel

II. Choose the one word or phrase - A, B, C, or D - that best completes the sentences.

6.      The amount of solar energy that reaches the earth depends ______ the atmosphere.

A. to                                  B. in                             C. on                            D. with

7.      The natural environment consists ______ all natural resources.

A. in                                   B. of                            C. to                             D. on

8.      Solar energy can be changed ______ electricity.

A. in                                   B. to                            C. into                                     D. for

9.      Oil, coal and natural gas are ______ fuels made from decayed material from animal or plants.

A. unleaded                      B. smokeless              C. solid                        D. fossil

10.  A nuclear reactor releases ______ which is dangerous to the environment.

A. radiation                      B. heat                        C. energy                    D. carbon dioxide

11.  We could make better ______ of our energy resources.

A. spend                           B. use                          C. need                        D. limit

12.  The government has spent £1 million on an advertising ______ to encourage energy conservation. A. campaign B. promotion             C. operation               D. enterprise

13.  All fossil fuels are ______ resources that cannot be replaced after use.

A. unlimited                      B. renewable              C. available                 D. non-renewable

14.  Solar energy is not only plentiful and infinite but also clean and safe.

A. boundless                    B. unlimited                C. uncountable           D. inflexible

15.  Many newer cars have a much lower fuel ______.

A. consuming                   B. consumer               C. consumation          D. consumption

III. Choose the word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that best completes the sentence.

16.  Nellie Ross of Wyoming was the first woman ______ governor in the United States.

A. who elected                 B. to be elected          C. was elected            D. her election as

17.  Pioneers, ______ in isolated areas of the United States, were almost totally self-sufficient.

A. who living                    B. living                       C. lived                        D. that Iived

18.  Completed in 1756, Nassau Hall is the oldest building now ______ on the campus of Princeton University. A. standing                       B. it stands                 C. has stood               D. stood

19.  Jerome Kern's most famous work is Showboat, ______ , most enduring musical comedies.

A. it is one of the finest   B. of the finest one    C. the finest one         D. one of the finest

20.  ______ in large quantities in the Middle East, oil became known as black gold because of the large profit it brought.

A. Discovering     B. which was discovered      C. Discovered             D. That when discovered

21.  Neil Armstrong, ______ person to set foot on the moon, reported that the surface was fine and powdery. A. the first                        B. to be the first         C. was the first           D. as the first

22.  The Massachusetts State House, ______ in 1798, was the most distinguished building in the United States at that time.

A. completing       B. which was completed       C. was completed      D. to be completed

23.  Lady Astor was the first woman ______ her seat in Parliament.

A. take                               B. to take                    C. taking                      D. who takes

24.  Norman Weiner, ______ mathematician and logician, had an important role in the development of the computer. A. who as a                B. was a                      C. whom a                  D. a

25.  War and Peace, ______, was published in 1869.

A. Leo Tolstoy's most celebrated novel                       B. that Leo Tolstoy's most celebrated novel

C. which most celebrated novel of Leo Tolstoy  D. is a Leo Tolstoy's most celebrated novel

IV. Choose word or phrase - A, B, C or D – that needs correcting.

26.  Louisa May Alcott, she best known for her books for children, served as a nurse during the Civil War.  A. she                        B. her books                          C. served                    D. during

27.  I went to a reunion for students educating in the physics department during the 1980s.

A. reunion                        B. educating                           C. physics                   D. during

28.  Natural resources provide the raw material are needed to produce finished goods.

A. Natural                         B. are needed                                    C. produce                  D. goods

29.  In an essay writing in 1779, Judith Sargeant Murray promoted the cause of women's education.

A. In an essay                   B. writing                    C. the cause of           D. women's education

30.  It was suggested that Pedro studies the material more thoroughly before attempting to pass the exam.  A. studies B. more                                   C. attempting              D. to pass

V. Fill in each blank with one appropriate word from the box.

matter    consuming     filthy     dangerous      supply       available reachs    contain      conservation      safe     renewable     correct

Solar energy, air and water are, usually called (31)_________, resources because there is an unlimited (32)_________, of them. However, this definition may change if people are not careful with the (33)_________, of these, resources. The quality of solar energy that (34)_________ the earth depends on the atmosphere. If the atmosphere is polluted, the solar energy reaching the earth may be (35)_________. If life is about to continue, the air must (36)_________the appropriate amount of N, O₂, CO₂ and other gases. If humans continue to pollute the air, it will not contain the (37)_________ amount of these gases. Water is also a (38)_________ to take into consideration. Industry is making our water (39)_________. Therefore, resources must be conserved, the air and water must be protected. (40)_________ must play important part in life.

VI. Read the passage carefully, then choose the correct answers.

The search for alternative sources of energy has led in various directions. Many communities are burning garbage and other biological waste products to produce electricity- Converting waste products to gases or oil is also an efficient way to dispose of wastes. Experimental work is being done to derive synthetic fuels from coal, oil shale, and coal tars. But to date, that process has proven expensive. Other experiments are underway to harness power with giant windmills. Geothermal power is also being tested. Some experts expect utility companies to revive hydroelectric power derived from streams and rivers. Fifty years ago hydroelectric power provided one third of the electricity used in the United States, but today it supplies only 4 percent. The oceans are another potential source of energy. Scientists are studying ways to convert the energy of ocean currents, tides, and waves to electricity. Experiments are also underway to make use of temperature differences in ocean water to produce energy.

41.  What is the best title of the passage?

A. The Use of Water Products for Energy        B. The Search for Alternative Sources of Energy

C. Efficient Ways of Disposing of Waste           D. New Discoveries in Geothermal Power

42.  What provided one third of the electricity in the United States fifty years ago?

A. wind                             B. waste products     C. water                                  D. oil

43.  What could Rest replace the phrase 'geothermal power' in the passage?

A. heat from the earth                                        B. gases in the earth's atmosphere

C. steam that shot up out of the earth              D. water in the ocean, lake, or river

44.  Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as an alternative source of energy?

A. Burning of garbage    B. Geothermal power           C. Synthetic fuels       D. Electricity.

45.  According to the author, what is the impracticability of using coal, oil shale and coal tars' as sources of energy due to?   A. They take a lot of time       B. They are expensive

C. They are non-renewable resources             D. They are scarce resources

46.  What can be inferred from the paragraph?

A. All alternative production of energy will be derived from water.

B. Hydroelectric power will be the main source of energy.

C. Synthetic fuels will be the principal source of alternative energy.

D. Alternative energy will come from a variety of sources.

VII. Choose the best sentence - A, B, C or D -made from the given cues.

47.  the world/ energy resources/ take/ millions of years/ produce/ we/ quickly/ begin/ exhaust/ supplies// .

A. The world's energy resources have taken many millions of years to produce, so we are quickly beginning to exhaust these supplies.

B. Although the world's energy resources have taken many millions of years to produce, we are quickly beginning to exhaust these supplies.

C. The world's energy resources have taken many millions of years to produce because we are quickly beginning to exhaust these supplies.

D. Since the world's energy resources have taken many millions of years to produce, we are quickly beginning to exhaust these supplies.

48.  recently/ UN committee/ report/ world/ oil and gas supplies/ last/ about

100 years/ if/ use/ carefully//

A. Recently UN committee reported that world's oil and gas supplies, will last about 100 years if they are used carefully.

B. Recently the UN committee reported that the world's oil and gas supplies would last about 100 years if using carefully.

C. Recently a UN committee reported that the world's oil and gas supplies would last about 100 years if used carefully.

D. Recently a UN committee reported that the world's oil and gas supplies would last about 100 years if it was used carefully.

49.  the report/ state/ there/ enough/ oil and gas/ a century/ only if/ present demand/ control//

A. The report stated that there would be enough oil and gas for a century only if the present demand could be controlled.

B. The report stated that there would be oil and gas enough for a century only if the present demand could be controlled.

C. The report stated that there were enough oil and gas for a century only if the present demand could controlled.

D. The report stated that there will be enough oil and gas for the century only if the present demand can be controlled.

50.  according/ the report/ governments/ now/take/ steps/ control/ amounts/ fossil fuels/ use//

A. According to the report, governments must now take steps to control amounts of fossil fuels that are using.

B. According to the report, governments must now take steps to control the amounts of fossil fuels which used.

C. According to the report, governments must now take steps to control the amounts of fossil fuels that are used.

D. According to the report, governments must now take steps to control the amounts of fossil fuels that was used.

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