TOPIC 4: VOLUNTEER WORK

TOPIC 4: VOLUNTEER WORK

A. VOCABULARY:

1. assistance [ə'sistəns] (n) sự giúp đỡ 2. be fired (v) bị phạt 3. behave [bi'heiv] (v) cư xử 4. bend [bent∫] (v) uốn cong, cúi xuống 5. charity ['t∫æriti] (n) tổ chức từ thiện 6. comfort ['kʌmfət] (n) sự an ủi 7. co-operate [kou'ɔpəreit] (v) hợp tác 8. co-ordinate [kou'ɔ:dineit] (v) phối hợp 9. desert ['dezət] (v) bỏ đi 10. diary ['daiəri] (n) nhật ký 11. direct [di'rekt] (v) điều khiển 12. disadvantaged [,disəd'vɑ:ntidʒd] (a) bất hạnh 13. donate [dou'neit] (v) tặng -> donation [dou'nei∫n] (n)             khoản tặng/đóng góp ->  donor ['dounə]  (n) người cho/tặng 14. fire extinguisher  ['faiə  iks'tiηgwi∫ə] (n) bình chữa cháy 15. fund-raising [fʌnd  'reiziη] (a) gây quỹ  16. gratitude ['grætitju:d] (n) lòng biết ơn 17. handicapped ['hændikæpt] (a) tật nguyền

18. instruction [in'strʌk∫n] (n) chỉ dẫn, hướng dẫn 19. intersections [,intə'sek∫n] (n) giao lộ 20. martyr ['mɑ:tə] (n) liệt sỹ 21. mow [mou] (v) cắt 22. natural disaster ['næt∫rəl  di'zɑ:stə] (n) thiên tai 23. orphanage ['ɔ:fənidʒ] (n) trại mồ côi 24. overcome [,ouvə'kʌm] (v) vượt qua 25. park [pɑ:k] (v) đậu xe 26. participate in [pɑ:'tisipeit] (v) tham gia 27. receipt [ri'si:t] (n) biên  nhận 28. remote [ri'mout]  (a) xa xôi, hẻo lánh 29. voluntarily [vɔlənt(ə)rili] (adv) 1 cách tình nguyện -> voluntary ['vɔləntri] (a) tình nguyện -> volunteer [,vɔlən'tiə](n) tình nguyện viên -> volunteer (v) tình nguyện, xung phong 30. war invalid [wɔ:  'invəli:d] (n) thương binh

B. GRAMMAR: PARTICIPLES VS. GERUNDS

1- Participles có ba dạng, đó là:

 -  The present participle (hiện tại phân từ Ving)

 -  The past participle (quá khứ phân từ V3/ed)

 -  The perfect participle. (Hoàn thành phân từ Having+ V3/ed)

a) The present participle: (Ving) The present participle là một participle có dạng Ving. Nó thường được dùng kèm với to be để hình thành dạng thì tiếp diễn.

Eg: I am learning English. We were running through the woods.

Note:  present participle còn được dùng như một tính từ:
Eg: I am a working woman. (working ở đây đóng vai trò là một tính từ)

Dạng của Present participle gần giống như Gerund. Nhưng Gerund được sử dụng như một danh từ, Present participle được sử dụng như một động từ hoặc một tính từ.

b) The past participle: (V3/ed) The past participle dùng để chỉ ra một hành động đã kết thúc hoặc hoàn tất vào một thời gian trong quá khứ. Nó thường được gọi là dạng "ed" nếu động từ gốc là động từ theo quy tắc, tuy nhiên nó cũng được cấu tạo từ rất nhiều cách của các động từ bất quy tắc.  Eg: I have learnt English. (learnt là một phần của cụm have learnt )
- Nó còn được dùng trong thể bị động: Eg: Her hair was well brushed.

- Nó còn được dùng như một tính từ: Eg: He had a broken arm. (Broken vai trò một tính từ)

c) The perfect participle:

- Công thức: HAVING +V3/ed + . . . .,  S + V2/ed . . .

- Cách dùng: The perfect participle chỉ một hành động thứ nhất đã hoàn tất liền trước một hành động thứ hai diễn ra ở quá khứ. Sự việc thứ hai là kết quả của sự việc thứ nhất (chú ý chủ ngữ của hai động từ phải cùng nghĩa) Eg: We had switched off the lights before we went to bed.

                                                 -> Having switched off the lights, we went to bed.

-  Ở thế phủ định NOT đứng trước HAVING+ V3/ed

       Eg: when she didn’t see the key, she looked for it.=> Not having seen the key, she looked for it.

Note: A perfect participle (present participle, past participle): dùng để lượt bớt chủ ngữ trong câu trong trường 2 chủ ngữ đó là cùng 1 người hay 1 vật, hành đồng nào xảy ra trước thì ta dùng perfect participle trong mệnh đề đó.

     Eg: Having sat all day in the tower, the lifeguard left to find a cold drink

          = The lifeguard had sat all day in the tower, he left to find a cold drink 

2- Gerund and perfect gerund:

2.1. Gerund (Động danh từ- Ving): -  Cấu tạo/ Cách sử dụng của Gerund (xem unit 3)

Exercise: Chọn dạng đúng của động từ sau:

1. The teacher decided (accepting/to accept) the paper.

2. They appreciate (to have/having) this information.
3. His father doesn’t approve of his (going/ to go) to Europe.
4. We found it very difficult (reaching/ to reach) a decision.
5. Donna is interested in (to open/opening) a bar.
6. George has no intention of (to leave/leaving) the city now.
7. We are eager (to return/returning) to school in the fall.
8. We would be better off (to buy/ buying) this car.
9. She refused (to accept/ accepting) the gift.
10. Mary regrets (to be/being) the one to have to tell him.

2.2. Perfect Gerund (Động danh từ hoàn thành- HAVING +V3/ed): Trong một số ngữ cảnh rất khó mà xác định được khi nào là perfect gerund và khi nào là perfect parcitiple vì hình thức của chúng giống nhau. Chúng ta sử dụng perfect gerund khi muốn đề cập đến một hành động trong quá khứ ( chỉ hồi ức) và chức năng  là 1cụm danh từ, do đó nó đứng vị trí của 1 chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ                           HAVING +V3/ed +. . . . +  V2/ed . . .

  Eg: Having been to South Korea helped me learn the language when I took classes.

Note: Hiểu đơn giản về dang động từ hoàn thành và phân từ hoàn thành là:

- Dùng perfect gerund (having + V3/ed) khi chúng ta muốn nhấn mạnh rằng hành động này đã hoàn thành trước 1 hành động khác. Nó giữ chức năng như cụm danh từ

              Eg: I am sorry for having made such a noise last night. (perfect gerund)

- Dùng perfect participle (having + v3/ed) cho hành động xảy ra trước 1 hành động khác ở quá khứ. Eg: Having finished my work, I went home. (perfect participle)

Notes:  có thể dùng After + V_ing thay cho having done trong cấu trúc trên.

           Eg: After finishing the homework, she went home

 - Khi nào dùng Ving khi nào dùng Having + V3(ed): Ving và Having + V3/ed có cách dùng cụ thể có khác nhau:    + Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề đầu cùng thì với mệnh đề sau thì ta dùng Ving.

     Eg:  When I saw the dog, I ran away. => Seeing the dog, I ran away.

 + Nếu có hành động xãy ra trước so với hành động còn lại thì ta dùng Having + V3(ed)

      Eg: When I had seen  the dog, I ran away. => Having seen the dog, I ran away.

C. PRACTICE TEST

I. Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.

1.      A. wholy                           B. wrap                       C. write                       D. who

2.      A. flood                             B. good                       C. foot                                     D. look

3.      A. mountain                     B. country                  C. drought                  D. hour

4.      A. university                     B. student                   C. volunteer               D. museum

5.      A. handicapped                B. advantaged            C. organized               D. raised

II. Choose the one word or phrase - A, B, C, or D - that best completes the sentences.

6.      The boys were taken ______ a fishing trip last weekend.

A. in                                   B. to                            C. on                            D. for

7.      She frequently volunteers ______ extra work because she really likes her job.

A. to                                  B. for                           C. with                         D. in

8.      We hope that students themselves will enjoy taking part ______ the projects.

A. in                                   B. on                           C. at                             D. for

9.      He volunteered his ______ as a driver.

A. job                                B. work                       C. service                    D. help

10.  All the teachers work on an entirely ______ basis.

A. volunteer                     B. volunteered           C. voluntary               D. voluntarily

11.  They volunteer to take care of children who have been ______ by the AIDS epidemic.

A. supported                    B. suffered                 C. left                           D. orphaned

12.  It's filthy' in here! Are there any volunteers to help ______?

A. light up                         B. clean up                 C. clear up                  D. take up

13.  He eventually ______ his disability to achieve some business success.

A. overcame                     B. destroyed              C. overwhelmed        D. suffered

14.  The new law allows school districts to spend more money on less ______ children.

A. advantageous              B. disadvantageous    C. advantaged           D. disadvantaged

15.  A lot of children participated in ______ performances.

A. raising-fund                 B. fundraising            C. fundraise                D. funding-raise

II. Choose the word or phrase - A, B, C, or D - that best completes the sentence.

16.  I'm sure it's not my fault that Peter found out what we were planning.

I don't remember ______ anyone about it.

A. to tell                            B. being told               C. having told                         D. to be told

17.  The charity is appealing for volunteers ______ elderly patients to and from hospital.

A. to take                          B. taking                     C. taken                       D. who take

18.  The building ______ the earthquake but then by a fire.

A. was survived - destroyed                              B. survived - was destroyed

C. survived - destroyed                                      D. was survived - was destroyed

19. ______ by the boys' behaviour, she complained to the head teacher.

A. She annoyed                B. Annoyed                C. She was annoyed  D. Annoying

20.  'Wait a minute,' said Frank, ______ through the door.

A. run                                B. runs                        C. running                  D. ran

21.  ______ a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.

A. Finding                         B. We found               C. Found                     D. Having fauna

22.  The children enjoyed ______ on fishing .trips.

A. taking                           B. to be taken                         C. being taken            D. having taken

23.  Stacey seems like a bright student. She's always the first ______ her work.

A. to finish                        B. finishing                 C. being finished        D. to be finished

24.  We were shocked to hear the news of your ______.

A. having fired                 B. to be fired              C. having been fired D. to have been fired

25.  I think I hear someone ______ the back window. Do you hear it, too?

A. trying open                  B. trying to open       C. try opening             D. try to open

III. Identify the one underlined word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that must be corrected.

26.  When I was sick with the flu, my mother made me to eat soup and rest in bed.

A. with                              B. the flu                     C. to eat                                  D. in

27.  Having lived here for seven years, my friend is used to speak English with all her classmates.

A. Having lived                 B. for                           C. speak                      D. all her

28.  To grow well, a tree must be well-suited to the area where is it planted.

A. To grow                       B. must be                  C. well-suited               D. is it

29.  Despite modern medical technology, many diseases causing by viruses I are still not curable.

A. Despite                         B. causing                   C. are still                   D. not

30.  We should have been informed Janis about the change in plans regarding our weekend trip to the mountains.  A. have been informed     B. about          C. regarding         D. weekend trip

IV. Fill in each blank with one appropriate word from the box.

governments                   worldwide            suffered          communities              enable   emergency               nutrition         developing     services             quality

UNICEF means the United Nations Children's Fund. It serves children in (31)___________ all over the world. It helps children of all races, nationalities, religions, and political systems in more than 140 (32)___________ countries. The purpose of UNICEF is to help provide better life for children and their mothers. UNICEF gives both long-term assistance and (33)___________ help.

UNICEF was created in 1946 to help bring food and medicine to children who (34)___________ during World War II in Europe. It began as a temporary agency, but became a permanent part of the United Nations in 1953 due to the need for its (35)___________ around the worlD. UNICEF's primary concern is to help governments of developing countries improve the (36)___________ of life for almost one billion children. UNICEF's main office is in the United Nations offices in New York City, but it also has more than 40 offices and 100 programs (37)___________. In 1965, UNICEF won the Nobel Peace Prize for its work helping children and building brighter futures.

UNICEF works with (38)___________ to provide three kinds of services. First, UNICEF plans and develops programs in developing countries. These programs serve the community by providing health care, information about (39)___________, basic education, and safe water and sanitation. Then UNICEF trains people to work in these programs. UNICEF also provides supplies and equipment that (40)___________ the programs to work.

V. Read the passage carefully, then choose the correct answers.

This is part of a report by the Chairman of the Charities Committee of a Club.

By Match this year, we shall have raised enough money, we hope, to buy the equipment for the Youth Club. When we have raised the money, we are planning to go back to the Youth Club leaders in order to discover exactly what is needed most. Plans have been made for the Book Sale which will be held on 15th February, This means that many of us will be spending the first two weeks of February collecting books. The event is likely to be held in the Town Hall. If there are problems here, however, we hope that other Club members might come up with some alternative suggestions.

As we are proposing to sponsor a student from Africa on a three-month language course in this country, we also intend to hold a Charity Dance in the spring. Such events are apt to be difficult to organize, so all members of the Club are invited to contribute or help in any way they can.

The moment I was asked if we could possibly help in some way with the new Club for the Disabled. I said yes. As Chairman, lam bound to say that this is the sort of social work many Club members would like to do, other than simply raising money. We are therefore planning to ask members if they can perhaps help out 'on one Saturday every month (on a rota basis).

Finally, by January next year the Club will have been going for twenty years, and the Committee intend to mark this anniversary with some kind of dinner, a dance or a party. We have already been offered (unofficially) the use of the dance all at 'The Forest Hotel'. However, we shall be devoting one of our meetings in the near future to full discussion on the form of the event, etc. Any suggestions will be welcome.

41.    The Committee will be going back to the Youth Club leaders__________.

A. to ask for money in March                           B. to tell them about the equipment

C. to find out what the Club needs                   D. to collect old books from them

42.    The Committee does not yet know_____________.

A. when books will be collected                       B. when the Book Sale will be held

C. how to get the book to the Town Hall         D. where the Book Sale will take place

43.    Every Club member has been asked___________.

A. to help with the Charity Dance                    B. to sponsor a foreign student

C. to write to an African student                      D. to organize something for the Dance

44. In order to help the new Club for Disabled, members will be asked__________.

A. to raise some money                                                 B. to make a contribution

C. if they can plan a Club program                   D. to help at the Club one a month

45.    There will be an event next January_____________.

A. because the Club has been offered 'the Forest Hotel’

B. to celebrate the Club's twentieth birthday C. to raise money for a student from Africa

D. which will take the form of a discussion evening

VI. From the words or phrases - A, B, C or D - choose the one that best completes the sentences.

46.    ___________ the promotion of health and to helping people avoid injury and disease.

A. To commit the Red Cross                             B. The Red Cross to commit

C. Committed to the Read Cross is                   D. The Red Cross is committed to

47.    Although most cats hate to swim, __________ if necessary.

A. cap they do so            B. they can do so      C. they do so can     D. so they can do

48.    ____________ all matter is formed of molescutes.

A. No matter how complex                               B. It doesn't matter if the complex

C. How complex is not a matter                       D. It's not a complex matter

49.    With a television audience of 25 billion, World Cup Soccer has________ ten times the Olympic Games.  A. more viewers  B. the most viewers  C. the most viewers      D. more viewers than

50.    ________ all citrus fruit originated with the Chinese orange.

A. That the belief            B. It is believed that C. To believe that        D. The belief that

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