CHỨC NĂNG CỦA TỪ LOẠI

CHỨC NĂNG CỦA TỪ LOẠI

I. Danh từ (nouns): danh thường được đặt ở những vị trí sau

1. Chủ ngữ của câu (thường đứng đầu câu,sau trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian)

Ex: Maths is the subject I like best.

         N

      Yesterday Lan went home at midnight.

                         N

2. Sau tính từ: my, your, our, their, his, her, its, good, beautiful....

Ex: She is a good teacher.

                     Adj      N

      His father works in hospital.

      Adj   N

3. Làm tân ngữ, sau động từ

Ex: I like English.

       We are students.

4. Sau “enough”

Ex: He didn’t have enough money to buy that car.

5. Sau các mạo từ a, an, the hoặc các từ this, that, these, those, each, every, both, no, some, any, few, a few,   little, a little,.....(Lưu ý cấu trúc a/an/the + adj + noun)

Ex: This book is an interesting book.

6. Sau giới từ: in, on, of, with, under, about, at......

Ex: Thanh is good at literature.

II. Tính từ (adjectives): Tính từ thường đứng ở các vị trí sau

1. Trước danh từ: Adj + N

Ex: My Tam is a famous singer.

2. Sau động từ liên kết: tobe/seem/appear/feel/taste/look/keep/get + adj

Ex: She is beautiful

      Tom seems tired now.

Chú ý: cấu trúc  keep/make + O + adj

Ex: He makes me happy

                        O   adj

3. Sau “ too”:  S + tobe/seem/look....+ too +adj...

Ex: He is too short to play basketball.

4. Trước “enough”: S + tobe + adj + enough...

Ex: She is tall enough to play volleyball.

5. Trong cấu trúc so...that: tobe/seem/look/feel.....+ so + adj + that

Ex: The weather was so bad that we decided to stay at home

6. Tính từ còn được dùng dưới các dạng so sánh( lưu ý tính từ dài hay đứng sau more, the most, less, as....as)

Ex: Meat is more expensive than fish.

       Huyen is the most intelligent student in my class.

7. Tính từ trong câu cảm thán: How +adj + S + V

                                                  What + (a/an) + adj + N

III. Trạng từ (adverbs): Trạng từ thường đứng ở các vị trí sau

1. Trước động từ thường(nhất là các trạng từ chỉ tàn suất: often, always, usually, seldom....)

Ex: They often get up at 6am.

2. Giữa trợ động từ và động từ thường

Ex: I have recently finished my homework.

         TĐT   adv          V

3. Sau đông từ tobe/seem/look...và trước tính từ: tobe/feel/look... + adv + adj

Ex: She is very nice.

                  Adv  adj

4. Sau “too”: V_(thường) + too + adv

Ex: The teacher speaks too quickly.

5. Trước “enough” : V_(thường) + adv + enough

Ex: The teacher speaks slowly enough for us to understand.

6. Trong cấu trúc so....that: V_(thường) + so + adv + that

Ex: Jack drove so fast that he caused an accident.

7. Đứng cuối câu

Ex: The doctor told me to breathe in slowly.

8. Trạng từ cũng thường đứng một mình ở đầu câu,hoặc giữa câu và cách các thành phần khác của câu bằng dấu phẩy(,)

Ex: Last summer I came back my home country

      My parents had gone to bed when I got home.

      It’s raining hard. Tom, however, goes to school.

IV. Động từ (verbs): Vị trí của động từ trong câu rất dễ nhận biết vì nó thường đứng sau chủ ngữ (Nhớ cẩn thận với câu có nhiều mệnh đề).

Ex: My family has five people.

             S           V

      I believe her because she always tells the truth.

      S    V                           S                 V

Chú ý: Khi dùng động từ nhớ lưu ý thì của nó để chia cho đúng.

CÁCH NHẬN BIẾT TỪ LOẠI

I. Danh từ (nouns): danh từ thường kết thúc bằng: -tion/-ation, -ment, -er, -or, -ant, -ing, -age, -ship, -ism, -ity, -ness

Ex: distribution, information, development, teacher, actor, accountant, teaching, studying, teenage, friendship, relationship, shoolarship, socialism, ability, sadness, happiness...........

II. Tính từ (adjective): Tính từ thường kết thúc bằng: -ful, -less, -ly, -al, -ble, -ive, -ous, -ish, -y, -like, -ic, -ed, -ing

Ex: helful, beautiful, useful, homeless, childless, friendly, yearly, daily, national, international, acceptable, impossible, active, passive, attractive, famous, serious, dangerous, childish, selfish, foolish, rainy, cloudy, snowy, sandy, foggy, healthy, sympathy, childlike, specific, scientific, interested, bored, tired, interesting, boring

III. Trạng từ (adverbs): Trạng từ thường được thành lập bằng cách thêm đuôi “ly” vào tính từ

Ex: beautifully, usefully, carefully, strongly, badly

Lưu ý: Một số trạng từ đặc biệt cần ghi nhớ

Adj                                Ú                       Adv

                                                      good                                                         well

                                                      late                                                            late/lately

                                                      ill                                                              ill

                                                      fast                                                            fast

EXERCISE

1. John cannot make a _______ to get married to Mary or stay single until he can afford a house and a car.  

a. decide                          b. decision           c. decisive                       d. Decisively

2. She often drives very ________ so she rarely causes accident .

a. carefully                     b. careful               c. caring                          d. Careless

3. All Sue’s friends and __________ came to her party .

a. relations                     b. Relatives c. relationship                                   d. Related

4.  My father studies about life and structure of plants and animals. He is a ……….

a. biology                        b. biologist            c. biological                     d. biologically

5. She takes the …….. for running the household.

a. responsibility             b. responsible       c. responsibly               d. responsiveness.

6. We are a very close-nit family and very ….. of one another.

a. supporting                  b. supportive        c. support                       d. supporter

7. You are old enough to take _______ for what you have done.

a. responsible                                              b. responsibility            
          c. responsibly                                              d. irresponsible

8. He has been very interested in doing research on _______ since he was at high school.

           a. biology                       b. biological          c. biologist                     d. biologically

9. Although they are twins, they have almost the same appearance but they are seldom in __.

a. agree                           b. agreeable                    c. agreement                   d. Agreeably

10. The more _______ and positive you look, the better you will feel.

a. confide                        b. confident                    c. confidently                  d. Confidence

11. My parents will have celebrated 30 years of _______ by next week.

a. marry                          b. married             c. marriageable               d. marriage

12. London is home to people of many _______ cultures.

a. diverse                        b. diversity           c. diversify                     d. diversification

13. Some people are concerned with physical ______ when choosing a wife or husband.

a. attractive                     b. attraction                    c.attractiveness               d.attractively

14. Mrs. Pike was so angry that she made a _______ gesture at the driver.

a. rude                            b. rudeness           c. rudely                          d. rudest

15. She sent me a _______ letter thanking me for my invitation.

a. polite                          b. politely             c. politeness                   d. impoliteness

16. He is unhappy because of his --------------.
          a. deaf                            b. deafen               c. deafness                     d. Deafened

17. His country has -------------- climate.

a. continent                    b. continental       c. continence                   d. Continentally

18. She has a -------------- for pink.

a. prefer                         b. preferential       c. preferentially              d. Preference

19. Computers are -------------- used in schools and universities.
          a. widely                        b. wide                  c. widen                         d. Width

20. I sometimes do not feel -------------- when I am at a party.
          a. comfort                      b. comfortable      c. comforted                   d. Comfortably

21. English is the language of --------------.
          a. communicative                                                 b. communication         
          c. communicate                                          d. communicatively  

22. I have to do this job because I have no --------------.
          a. choose                        b. choice               c. choosing                     d. Chosen

23. English is used by pilots to ask for landing -------------- in Cairo.
          a. instruct                       b. instructors        c. instructions                 d. Instructive

24. He did some odd jobs at home --------------.   
          a. disappointment                    b. disappoint        c. disappointed               d. Disappointedly

25. Don’t be afraid. This snake is --------------.
          a. harm                          b. harmful             c. harmless                     d. Unharmed

26. During his --------------, his family lived in the United State.
          a. child                           b. childhood                   c. childish                      d. Childlike

27. Jack London wrote several -------------- novels on adventure.
          a. interest                       b. interestedly       c. interesting                   d. interested         

28. He failed the final exam because he didn’t make any -------------- for it.
          a. prepare                      b. preparation      c. preparing                             d. Prepared

29. The custom was said to be a matter of --------------.
          a. convenient                  b. convenience      c. conveniently               d. Convene

30. She is -------------- in her book. 
          a. absorbed                              b. absorbent                   c. absorptive                  d. Absorb

31. As she is so -------------- with her present job, she has decided to leave.
          a. satisfy                         b. satisfied            c. satisfying                     d. unsatisfied