TOPIC 14: THE WONDERS OF
THE WORLD
A.
VOCABULARY:
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1.
base [beis] (n) nền móng
2. block [blɔk] (n) khối
3. burial ['beriəl] (n) sự
mai táng
4. chamber ['t∫eimbə] (n) buồng, phòng
5. circumstance ['sə:kəmstəns] (n) tình huống
6. construction [kən'strʌk∫n] (n) công trình; sự xây
dựng
7. enclose [in'klouz] (v) dựng
tường, rào (xung quanh cái gì)
8. mandarin ['mændərin] (n) vị quan
9. man-made ['mæn'meid] (a) nhân tạo
10. giant ['dʒaiənt] (a) khổng lồ
11. ancient ['ein∫ənt] (a) cổ, thời xưa
12. attraction [ə'træk∫n] (n) sự thu hút
13. cover ['kʌvə] (v) bao phủ
14. dynasty ['dinəsti] (n) triều đại
15. feature ['fi:t∫ə] (n) đặc điểm
16. architecture ['ɑ:kitekt∫ə] (n) kiến trúc
17. brief [bri:f] (a) ngắn gọn, vắn tắt
18. mysterious [mis'tiəriəs] (a) huyền bí, bí ẩn
19. pharaoh
['feərou] (n) vua Ai Cập cổ
20. pyramid ['pirəmid] (n) kim tự tháp
21. ramp [ræmp] (n) đường dốc
22. spiral ['spaiərəl] (a) hình xoắn ốc
23. surpass [sə:'pɑ:s] (v) vượt
qua, trội hơn
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24. theory ['θiəri] (n) giả thuyết
25. tomb [tu:m] (n) mộ, mồ, mả
26. treasure ['treʒə] (n) kho báu
27. wheelchair ['wi:lt∫eə] (n) xe lăn
28. wonder ['wʌndə] (n) kỳ quan
29. magnificence [mæg'nifisns] (n) vẻ tráng lệ, lộng lẫy
30. significance [sig'nifikəns] (n) sự quan trọng
31. visible ['vizəbl] (a) có thể thấy được
32. world heritage [wə:ld
'heritidʒ](n) di sản thế giới
33. consist of [kən'sist] (v) bao gồm
34. dedicate ['dedikeit] (v) dành cho (để tưởng nhớ)
35. god [gɔd] (n) vị thần
36. illustrate ['iləstreit] (v) minh hoạ
37. in honour of (exp)
['ɔnə] để tưởng nhớ (tỏ lòng tôn
kính)
38. marble ['mɑ:bl] (n) cẩm thạch
39. sandstone ['sændstoun] (n) sa thạch (đá do cát kết lại thành)
40. statue ['stætju:] (n) tượng
41. throne [θroun] (n) ngai vàng
42. tower ['tauə] (n) tháp
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B.
GRAMMAR: REPORTED VERBS; TAG-QUESTIONS
1. Reported verbs:
Cấu trúc:
It is said that …. He is said … . .(be) supposed to
Eg: Henry is very old.
Nobody knows exactly how old he is, but:
It is said that he is 108 years old. Or: He
is said to be 108 years old.
Cả hai câu này đều có nghĩa: “People said that he is 108 years old.”
Có thể dùng cấu trúc này với một số động từ khác, đặc biệc là với: thought (nghĩ), believed
(tin rằng), considered (xem xét, cho là), reported (báo cáo), known (biết), expected
(mong chờ), alleged (buộc tội), understood (hiểu)
2. Tag-questions:
a.
Structure: S + V + O, [ ] + ĐẠI TỪ?
Trong đó: Đại từ: Lấy chủ từ câu đầu đổi
thành đại từ
Đàn ông ---> he/ Đàn
bà ----> she Vật (số ít ) ---
-> it/ There --- ->
there
This --- -> it/ That --- -> it These --- -> they/ Those --- -> they
Số nhiều ----> they / Các đại từ như: they, he, she ...
thì giữ nguyên
- Ở câu đầu nếu không có khiếm khuyết động từ hoặc động từ không là thì tiếp
diễn, hoàn thành, tương lai thì khi chuyển phần đuôi của câu phải mựon trợ động
từ do, does, did
- Những
động từ đặc biệt có thể chuyển ra vị trí đuôi không cần phải mượn trợ động từ
là:
+ is, am, are, was, were/ +
will, would/ + can, could/ + may, might
+ should/ + had (better)/ +
have, has, had (+ p.p)
+ Nếu câu đầu có NOT, hoặc các yếu tố phủ định
như: never, rarely, no, hardly ...., thì phần đuôi không có NOT, nếu câu đầu
không có NOT thì đuôi có NOT
b.
NHỮNG DẠNG ĐẶC BIỆT:
b.1. I
am --------> Aren't I? (nhưng nếu là: I am not ... thì lại dùng: am I?)
Eg: I am a student, aren't I? I am not tired, am I?
b.2.
Let's ....--------> shall we?
b.3. Nobody, no one, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody ...--> they?
nothing --> it?
Eg: Nobody knows him, don’t they? Nothing bad happened, did it?
b.4. Chủ từ là ONE: Dùng you hoặc one Eg: One can be one’s master, can’t you/one?
b.5.
Câu mệnh lệnh ( không có chủ từ ) ------> Will you ? Dù có not hay không
cũng dùng will you?
Eg: Go out with me, will you? (câu mệnh
lệnh) Don't take it, will you?
b.6.
Câu đầu là I WISH: Dùng MAY Eg: I wish to study English,
may I?
b.7.
Câu đầu có MUST:
Must có nhiều cách dùng mà sẽ có câu hỏi đuôi khác nhau
- Must chỉ sự cần thiết:
=> dùng needn’t Eg:
They must study hard, needn’t they?
- Must chỉ sự cấm
đoán: => dùng must Eg: You
mustn’t come late, must you?
- Must chỉ sự dự đoán ở
hiện tại: => dựa vào động từ theo sau must
Eg: He must be a very intelligent student, isn’t he?
- Must chỉ sự dự đoán ở
quá khứ (công thức must +have+ p.p) => dùng đuôi là have/has
Eg: You must have stolen my bike, haven’t you?
b.8.
Let đầu câu: Let đầu câu có nhiều dạng cần phân biệt:
- Let trong câu rủ (let’s): dùng shall we? Eg:
Let’s go out, shall we?
- Let trong câu xin phép (let
us/let me): dùng will you?
Eg: Let us use the telephone,
will you? Let me have some drink,
will you?
- Let trong câu đề nghị giúp người khác (let
me): dùng may I?
Eg: Let me help you do it,
may I?
b.9.
Câu cảm thán: Lấy danh từ trong câu đổi
thành đại từ, đuôi dùng is, am, are
Ex: What a beautiful dress,
isn’t it? What a stupid boy, isn’t he?
How intelligent you
are, aren’t you?
b.10.
Câu đầu có I + các động từ sau: think, believe, suppose, figure, assume, fancy,
imagine,
reckon, expect, seem, feel + mệnh
đề phụ: Lấy mệnh đề phụ làm câu hỏi đuôi.
Eg: I think he will come here, won’t he? I don’t
believe Mary can do it, can she?
- Cùng mẫu này nhưng nếu chủ từ không
phải là I thì lại dùng mệnh đề đầu làm câu hỏi đuôi.
Eg: She thinks he will come,
doesn’t she?
- Câu đầu có It seems that + mệnh đề: Lấy mệnh đề làm câu hỏi đuôi.
Eg: It seems that you are
right, aren’t you?
b.11.
Chủ từ là mệnh đề danh từ: Dùng it
Eg: What you have said is wrong,
isn’t it? Why he killed himself seems a secret, doesn’t it?
C.
PRACTICE TEST
I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from
that of the others.
1. A. world B. wonder
C. theory D. proceed
2. A. pyramid B. spiral C. private
D. recycle
3. A. weather B. treasure C. great D.
jealous
4. A. raised B. ranked C.
surpassed D. laughed
5. A. suggest B. century C. upon
D. bury
II. Choose the word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that best completes the
sentences.
6. The structure consisted
______ approximately 2 million blocks of stone,
A.
on B. with
C. of D. in
7. The Great Pyramid ranked
______ the tallest structure on earth for more than 43 centuries.
A.
in B. of
C. at D. as
8. The purpose of the
pyramid was to protect the burial chamber ______ the weather.
A.
for
B. from
C. of D.
in
9. The Great Pyramid of
Giza is one of the, famous man-made wonders of the world.
A.
artificial B.
natural C. modern D. enternal
10. The Great Pyramid was
only ______ in height in the nineteenth century AD.
A.
proposed B. promoted C. improved D. surpassed
11. There are rumors of
buried ______ in that old house.
A.
belongings B. tomb C. treasure D. chamber
12. Each tower of the
Ponagar Towers was ______ to a different god.
A.
dedicated B.
distributed C. delivered D.
contributed
13. The Great Wall is
China's most popular ______.
A.
construction B. attraction C. impression D. contribution
14. A visit to the Great
Wall will certainly bring tourists great ______ in each step of the wall.
A.
excite B.
exciting C. excitement D. excited
15.
The
Great Wall of China is considered one of the greatest wonders in the world
______ its magnificence and significance.
A.
in spite of B. because
C. instead of D. thanks to
III. Choose the word
or phrase - A, B, C or D - that best completes the sentence.
16. The current
constitutional problem is ______ by the top legal minds in the country.
A.
studying B. being
studied C. being studying D. been studied
17. It was announced that
neither the passengers nor the driver ______ in the crash.
A.
were injured B. are injured
C.
was injured D. have been injured
18. If it keeps on raining,
the basketball game ought ______.
A.
to postpone B. to be
postponed C. postpone D. be postponed
19. The first question must
______ before you attempt the others.
A.
be answered B. have answered C.
answer D. to answer
20. The manager expected the
team ______ because they hadn't done enough training.
A.
to be lost B. have
lost C. by losing D. to lose
21. The floor in the room
was so dirty as if it ______ for days.
A.
hadn't swept B. wouldn't
have swept C. haven't been swept D. hadn't been swept
22. What's wrong with your
car? ~ I think it needs ______.
A.
check B.
checking C. to check D. be checked
23. I think you should
______.
A.
have your hair be cut B.
have your hair cut
C.
cut your hair D.
have your hair been cut
24. Both domestic and
imported automobikes must ______ anti-pollution devices.
A.
equip with B. equip by C. be equipped with D. be equipped by
25. ______ that we have to
leave the building.
A.
We have informed B.
It has been informed
C.
It has beep informed us D.
We have been informed
IV. Choose the word or
phrase - A, B, C or D - that needs correcting.
26. They are planning
on attending the convention next month, and so I am.
A.
planning B. on
attending C. and D. so I am.
27.
Financier
Andrew Mellon donated most of this magnificent art collection
to the National Gallery of Art, where it is now locating.
A.
donated B.
magnificent C. collection D. locating.
28.
Because
of its vast tracts of virtually uninhabited northern forest,
Canada has one of the lowest population density in the world.
A.
its B.
virtually C. lowest D. density
29.
Some
of the people were standing the street watched the parade,
while others were singing songs. A.
of the B. standing
C. watched D. others
30.
As
soon as Pete had arrived, he told us that he will be leaving for
London tomorrow after the board meeting. A. had arrived B. will be leaving C. tomorrow D.
the board
V. Fill in each blank
space with one appropriate from the box.
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visible
network conservative Astronauts monument
structure discernible designated measured dispelled
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The
Great Wall is probably China's best-known (31)________ and one of its mast
popular tourist destinations. In 1987 it was (32)________ a World Heritage Site
by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO). The Great Wall is not a single, continuous (33)________. Rather, it
consists of a (34)________ of walls and towers that leaves the frontier open in
places. Estimates of the total length of the monument vary, depending on which
sections are included and haw they are (35)________. The Great Wall is
about 2,400 km (about 1,500 mi) long, according to (36)________ estimates.
Other estimates cite a length .of 6,400 km (4,000 mi), or even longer. Some
long-standing myths about the wall have been (37)________ in recent decades.
The existing wall is hat several thousand years old, nor is it, as has been
widely asserted, (38)________ with the naked eye from outer space. ((39)________
have confirmed this. However, same of the
wall is (40)________ in special radar images taken by satellites.)
VI. Read the passage
carefully, then choose the correct answer.
The
ruined temples of Angkor are perhaps one of the mast impressive Seven Wonders
of the World. Located in modern day Cambodia near Lake TonIe Sap, the largest
freshwater lake in Asia, Angkor was the seat of power for the Khmer Empire from the ninth to the fifteenth
century. The ruins of Angkor are d9cumented as same .of the mast impressive
ones in the world, rivaling the pyramids of Giza in Egypt. Why this mighty
civilization died out is a question that archeologists are now only beginning
to ponder. The answer, it turns out, may be linked with the availability of
fresh water.
One
possible explanation far the downfall of the Khmer Empire has to do with the
inhabitants' irrigation system. The temple and palaces of Angkor were
constructed around a series of artificial reservoirs and canals which were
annually flooded to capacity by the Mekong River. Once filled, they were used
to irrigate the surrounding rice patties and farmland during the course of the
year. Farmers were completely dependent upon the water for their crucial rice
crop. Without consistent irrigation, the farmers would have been unable to
maintain functional crop production.
Scientists
speculate that toward the end of the Khmer Empire the hydraulic systems of the
reservoirs and canals broke down. The construction of hundreds of sandstone
temples and palaces required an enormous amount of physical labor. In addition,
as the capital of the Khmer Empire, Angkor contained upwards of one hundred
thousand people who resided in and around Angkor. In order to feed so many
people, the local farmers were driven to grow food quicker and more
efficiently. After centuries of continual use, the irrigation system was pushed
beyond its capacity. Soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and the loss of water
led to decrease in the food supply. With less food available, the people of
Angkor slowly began to migrate to other parts of Cambodia thus leaving the
marvelous city of Angkor to be swallowed by the jungle. Therefore, it is
speculated that the Khmer Empire may have fallen victim to its own decrepit
infrastructure.
41. What is the passage
mainly about?
A.
Modern day agricultural procedures in Cambodia.
B.
A possible explanation for the, decline of a civilization.
C.
The essential role water plays in farming. D. Religious temples of the ancient
Khmer Empire.
42. The passage preceding
the passage most likely discusses ______.
A.
architecture of ancient Asian civilization
B. religious practices of the people of Angkor
C.
the form of government practiced by the Khmer Empire
D.
the other six wonders of the world
43. According to the
passage, Lake Tonle Sap in Cambodia ______.
A.
is an enormous fresh body of water in Asia
B.
was unable to supply enough fish for the people of Angkor
C.
became polluted due to a population explosion
D. is one of the Seven Wonders of the World
44. Why does the author
mention the hydraulic systems of the reservoirs?
A.
They supplied irrigation from the Indian Ocean.
B.
They became non-functional due to overuse.
C.
They were destroyed by nearby warrior tribes.
D.
They helped transport the sandstones for constructing temples.
45. It can be inferred from
the passage that the inhabitants of the Khmer Empire ______.
A.
were intentionally starved by the farmers B.
lost their food source due to excess rainfall
C.
supplemented their diets with 'meat hunted in the nearby jungles
D.
depended upon rice as their main source of food
46. All the following are
mentioned as events that can affect food supply EXCEPT__________.
A.
erosion of soil B.
contamination of soil
C.
reduction of nutrients D.
loss of water supply
VII.
From the
four options - A, B, C or D – choose the one that best completes the sentence.
47. Over the centuries,
_____ that try to
explain the origins of the university.
A.
although many theories B.
many theories
C.
have many theories been D.
there have been many theories.
48. Green plants combine
______ with water and carbon dioxide to make food.
A.
energy derived it from light B.
energy derived from light
C.
energy is derived from light D.
from light, and energy derived'
49. To plant rice, farmers,
______, set young plants in the mud.
A.
they wade with bare feet in the water B. water wading in their bare feet
C.
whose bare feet wading in the water D. wading in the water in their bare
feet
50. Only by reproducing at a
tremendous rate ______ to survive in the sea.
A.
many plant and animal species manage B.
do many plant and animal species manage
C.
manage many plant and animal species D.
plant and animal species manage many
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